It can be installed at the walls and parapets. What can be the phase inspections done by local authority while construction? State out some of the Inspections, done after the completion of construction? Listed are some of the checking or inspection is done on the exterior side of the construction is,.
An alternate bid is a proportion stated in the bid to be subtracted or summed from the base bid amount. Alternate materials or methods of construction force Alternate bids are to be proposed. Change order request is a written document given by the owner, requesting an adjustment to the contract sum or an extension of the contract time.
It can be issued by the architect or owners representative. It CPM is a strategy along with the method of representing the respective tasks and activities to be involved in the construction with respect to a symbolic diagram. Hence It is a bond between the owner and the main contractor. A progress payment is a payment done by the owner to the contractor in parts after the completion of a certain amount of construction.
Technically it is a difference between the completed work and material stored and a pre-determined schedule of values or unit costs. Beams and columns form load-bearing assembly on a foundation called Structural frames. However, the columns and beams are mostly fabricated off-site and can be assembled on site. A contract is an agreement prepared by the architect between the owner and himself which is further reviewed by an attorney before its execution is an architect -Prepared Contract.
It is a legal contract with all terms and conditions including adequate legal protection offered for both parties. The wide range of dimension tools is listed below:. Slats or sheets rectangular in shapes that are nailed to the exterior surface are called wooden shingles.
The shingling method is a traditional weatherproofing method for building. The standard height of the roof can be one or two stories tall. Pitch is adjusted so as to give a bigger look. Types of Roofs are as listed below,.
List out the problems one might be facing while having a Cantilever balcony? Cantilever balconies are unsupported and extend in an outward direction, so the problems with Cantilever balconies are as such;.
For what type of building Built-in balconies are suitable and what are their pros? An older building serves the requirement of Built on balconies. This balcony is well supported in front of the facade on four columns and are backed to the wall with brackets. Difference between Built up area and super built up area,. The built-up area includes carpet area plus area covered by the walls, pillars as well as ducts.
On another hand, Super built-up area includes your built-up area plus the area that you use as building amenities like the passage of lift, stairs, and lifts, gym, club, etc. What is the ideal size of the living room ranging from small to large? According to the standards IS code , M represents Mix, and 25 is the characteristic compressive strength of concrete.
Maximum temperature that is allowable for fresh concrete used according to the ASTM? It is a process with high effectiveness maintained for repairing concrete walls or damaged surfaces.
A bending moment is a reaction that tends to bend the element when an external force or moment is applied to it in a sudden or gradual manner. The most common or simplest example is the beam. The sheer force acts perpendicular to its longitudinal x axis. The axial force acts parallel to the longitudinal axis. What is the type of bitumen used is for filling cracks in masonry structures? Plastic bitumen is the best-suited bitumen used is for filling cracks in masonry structures. What is the process called for covering the concrete placed on the exposed top of an external wall?
The Retaining wall. As per IS — recommendations the curing period of concrete must be at least 7 days in case of OPC Ordinary Portland Cement , and at least 10 days for the concrete with added mineral admixtures.
It is also mandatory for OPC exposed to dry and hot weather conditions to have at least a day curing period. The bearing capacity of soil is the ability of soil to withstand the load imposed by the Foundation. What do you mean by honeycomb in concrete? Air Pocket is another name for honeycomb in concrete which is usually formed during concrete casting. What field tests are necessary for the quality check of cement? What do you mean by Water-Cement Ratio and how it is related to the strength of concrete?
The Water-Cement Ratio: Ratio of weight of water to the weight of cement used in a concrete mix. A lower constant ensure higher strength and durability but is difficult to mix i. Admixtures are added to deal with workability. Tensile stresses induced during prestressing operation are called as bursting reinforcement and it is maximum where the stress trajectories are concave towards the line of action of the load.
Reason for concrete being weak in tension? Concrete is a combination of materials like several aggregate types, cement, pozzolana, water, air, etc which are stick together with a cement paste. During compression, that interface is the only to transfer compressive stresses from aggregate to aggregate. Which does not require exceptional strength. While the scenario under tension is not the same. The aggregates in tension are trying to pull away from each other and the bond is what holds it tightly.
Since it is significantly weaker than the aggregates, it is what results in failure. Grout is a fluid form of concrete that is used to fill the voids and this method is nothing but grouting. What are the recommended standards of tamping rod used in cube filling for cube test? According to the IS code , a 16 mm steel rod with rounded edge is recommended specifications. Explain What are the functions of columns in a building?
It is the process of managing for quality. Quality Control QC : Quality Control can be defined as a set of activities that ensure quality in work. This activities focus on identifying defects in the actual products produced.
List down the Ratio of Grade s M5, M7. Explain cement soundness? It is the property of cement that ensures that the cement does not go through any unwanted expansion or experience any change in volume once it has been set. Cement soundness is a necessary process to help cement get rid of any possibilities of the mortar or concrete from getting expanded. Compacted earth and concrete are used depending on the dam type.
Many gravity dams could be constructed of compacted earth. While high dams are generally made out of concrete. The spillway is a necessary requirement for dams.
My passion and interest in learning building works have encouraged me to become a civil engineering. I love working as a civil engineer and learn at every stage of my work. The purpose of the gap in the road is to allow road expansion and contraction caused due to temperature changes, without damaging or deformation the road.
In Indian railways, the minimum formation width in embankment for a single line of board gauge is. This concept is used to resolve various issues in civil as well as mechanical engineering.
It measures the opposition of any kind of body against a certain momentum that is rotating. Pretty good if the outside hose is a lot lower than the inside hose. The siphon works by a hose stuck in a fluid container higher than the receiving container. Suction is shortly placed on the lower side of the hose until the fluid is flowing down the down line.
Gravity will cause a continued flow. Why was the Empire State Building made of steel? Strength—Steel is very strong Flexibility—Ability to flex in the wind Cost—Inexpensive and fast to build; prefab construction Concrete, a possible alternative, has less compressive strength than steel. The bottom support structure of the empire state building would consist of a large percentage of solid concrete simply to support the weight of the building.
What is the quantity of cement in Mix M20 concrete? For nominal Mix Cement consumption for M25 will be kg per cum. Define What is unit weight of normal concrete? What is the difference between shear and tensile strength? Tensile Strength for a Bolt is determined by applying a Force along it long axis. Shear Strength for a Bolt is determined by applying a Force across its diameter, as it would be loaded in a lug joint. How many Pyramid in Egypt? About 80 Would you cause a gallon drum of water to weigh more by climbing in?
A person will sink in water if he is not holding enough air in his lungs to keep him floating. Therefore, the person weighs more than the amount of water that he will displace. Who built the sears tower? While he did not build the structure he died in l , there is some evidence the idea was suggested under a different name Illinois Building by Frank Lloyd Wright, one of the few true skyscrapers in which he had a role.
The original design for the Illinois Building would have topped off at 5, Feet! The Swears tower is a quarter of this at most, but there are similarities. At what point does a circle start losing area when being flattened? The area ratio decreases slowly at first then more rapidly. Not hard to graph this but you will have to write the area of the ellipse in terms of the circumference.
How do you compute volume of airflow? Orifice meter is used for measuring flow rate air. Define What is made from large rocks, which protects the base of cliffs? Stacks Why are the bolts that hold steel rails together in oval holes? It has to do with the design of the bolts. The reason that head of the bolt is oval. The head of a bolt fit flush into the bar and set in opposing sets is so that a piece of dragging equipment will not shear off all the bolts in a joint but rather the just the nuts one side.
As a result, if the hole were not oval on one side there would be no way to tighten or loose the bolts in a joint. Define What are the materials used in building a gravity dam? There are many gravity dams constructed of compacted earth. High dams are generally concrete. All dams require a spillway to be safe. The spillway must be armored. How many feet are in 4 square yards? There are 9 square feet in a square yard therefore there are 36 square feet in 4 square yards.
What black man invented the clothes dryer? George T. Sampson What is the average density of soil? For purposes of civil engineering, an average soil will have a density of about to pounds per cubic foot. This can vary a little depending upon how well compacted the soil is. Define What glue is least sticky? What are the strongest shapes in building? The pillars Which architectural movement is also known as Jazz Moderna?
Art nouveau What is the withdrawal force of steel nails? In engineering, the code-allowable withdrawal force is zero, because the wood expands and contracts over time and the nail pullout force can reduce to zero. What is the strongest bridge for a school contest? If you are making a spaghetti bridge, bunch it all together in a triangular prism or a big brick and just fill the gaps with paste. What is the formula for figuring out how many gallons of water are in a pipe by the foot?
What is the tensile strength of marble? Tensile Strength, Ultimate 7. For bending use: Modulus of Rupture 0. Did any of the Egyptian pyramids ever fall down? Yes, many did. The great pyramid and others that have survived did so for a reason. Their shapes made them sturdier over time and were not the first design. Many steppe pyramids were built but were too steep and as the corners eroded, the whole pyramid fell under its own weight.
They were built too steep and did not have the base structure as seen in the great pyramid. Can a wave happen in the middle of the ocean like in the movie Poseidon ? Rogue waves have been known to capsize ships. Define What materials were used to build the Golden Gate Bridge?
Its materials were steel and concrete. What is the density of most of construction materials? If it floats it is less dense than water, Concrete is lbs. How and where are aqueducts built? Aqueducts are built in areas where you have a bunch of motivated end users like a town or group of farmers at a low elevation in need of a more reliable source of water located somewhere fairly nearby at a higher elevation.
The aqueduct builders construct a series of canals, elevated channels, and tunnels as required to get the water from the source to the end users. Some good examples: 1. Roman engineers built aqueducts throughout Italy and France from mountain water sources to serve city dwellers 2. Water-needy Southern California cities and farms are served by an aqueduct that brings them water from sources in Northern California 3.
New York City is supplied by an aqueduct and tunnel system from sources upstate. Inca farmers in coastal valleys built irrigation aqueducts from sources higher up in the Rockies 5. Native American cultures in Phoenix area built irrigation canal systems that diverted water from sources at higher elevations to irrigate their crops.
Define What does civil status mean? Civil means like, when you do not get on with someone, but only talk when you have to. Alternatively, when you do talk you do not argue. Alternatively, if you are with someone who is of your both friends and family, you do not ruin it for them. What are the advantages and disadvantages of lead products in construction?
Disadvantages: -Lead is very toxic; its use can result in pollution of the ground and more importantly of water supplies. This leads to the contamination of drinking water and can cause hazards to human health as well as disrupting entire ecosystems. Advantages: Because of its toxicity, lead is being bought less and less around the world, which of course results in the lowering of its cost.
In addition, lead melts at a relatively low temperature, making it great for solder. However, recently the Chinese have show an interest in buying mass quantities to manufacture batteries made from a base of lead so the price of this metal may soon rise. How do you measure water flowing through mm diameter pipes? Same as in inches 3. Define the various stages of the project planning process in construction. First stage could be Briefing and Inception. How do you convert wind speed into force?
Therometer What is kn measurement? What are the advantages of building a dam on the river Nile? It is the same as building a dam on any river.
Dams are built to control flooding downstream during the wet season, generate power year round, and provide irrigation in the dry season.
How much does the leaning tower of Pisa lean? About 14 feet Define What is the best type of wood glue? Noob Define What are the uses of Groynes? They prevent, or slow down erosion, and stop long shore drift. This, however, can have bad knock-on effects somewhere near.
What are the functions of a column in a building? Now days, many columns are used for decorative purposes. A column along with load bearing beams can support a lot of weight. Define What is an ice dam sock? Roof ice dams are an annoying source of roof damage, leaks, and heat loss in the winter.
The main causes are drip melt from improperly capped warm air vent pipes and poor roof insulation. Laying a ice melt sock onto the roof so it crosses the ice dam and overhangs the gutter, will melt through the snow and ice and create a channel for water to flow down into the gutters or off the roof. If done properly those ice sickles that form as the snow melts from the edges of the gutters will never appear, they too are a cause of much damage and are dangerous to life and limb.
Define What happens to Load at yielding? A yield strength or yield point is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically.
Prior to the yield point the material will deform elastically and will return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed. Once the yield point is passed, some fraction of the deformation will be permanent and non-reversible. The yield point determines the limits of performance for mechanical components, since it represents the upper limit to forces that can be applied without permanent deformation.
In structural engineering, this is a soft failure mode which does not normally cause catastrophic failure or ultimate failure unless it accelerates buckling. Yield strength is the critical material property exploited by many fundamental techniques of material-working: to reshape material with pressure such as forging, rolling, or pressing , to separate material by cutting such as machining or shearing, and to join components rigidly with fasteners.
What is Critical path in Ms-Project? The Critical Path consists of a series of tasks that must be completed on schedule for a project to finish on schedule.
It is the series of tasks or even a single task that dictates the calculated finish date. Each task on the critical path is a critical task. Irrespective of the type of reinforced concrete flexural element, the fundamental requirement is that tension reinforcement must be placed in that portion of the section which has tensile stresses.
Depending upon the type of element and loading, tensile stresses may not be on the same top or bottom edge of the section. But it is very easy to determine the portion of the length of the element where tension is at the top and where it is at the bottom, by studying the bending moment diagram of the element. Reinforcement is placed on the compression side of the elements when it is required to increase the moment carrying capacity of the section beyond the limit possible for an under-reinforced section.
Replacing a portion of concrete in compression by steel results in the compressive force and adding a little extra tension steel to balance the additional compression makes it possible to increase the moment of resistance without increasing the depth of the section.
Having said that, an inverted beam with slab flush with the bottom of the beam reverses the location of flange but not the bending moment distribution. So, positioning of reinforcement would be the same as an a normal beam. But it has an impact on the amount of reinforcement because of the changed flange location. Define What is passive earth pressure? Passive earth pressure is the highest limiting lateral pressure developed at the onset of shear failure by wall moving penetrating in the direction opposite to the direction of acting earth pressure minimal wall rotation necessary for the evolution of passive earth pressure is about 10 mrad, i.
The program, however, assumes these values to be positive. A seldom variant with friction acting upwards is not considered in the program. Which condition will prevail for the design of a swimming pool? Depends on many factors — like in-ground vs above-ground — but both is a good answer — in-ground an empty pool has to withstand the force of the earth pushing on it. Both when filled have to handle the force of the water on the shape of the walls and bottom.
Which is stronger solid steel rod or hollow steel pipe? On a per pound basis, steel pipe is stronger in bending and is less likely to buckle in axial compression. What is reinforced concrete? Reinforced concrete have steels bars or mesh in them, which gives extra strength to the construction. What are the different types of foundation?
Three main types of foundation are 1. Basement: In this a basement is prepared first on top of it building is constructed 2. Crawl space: A crawl space is a raised foundation, it is built above the ground, just allowing enough space to crawl underneath 3. Slab: In this foundation, concrete is directly poured into the pit made in the ground. What is Hybrid Foundation? Hybrid Foundation is usually used for high rise building, it contains both soil supported mat and piles.
This type of foundation is helpful in reducing the amount of the settlement. What are the common ways of demolition? Hydro-demolition Pressure Bursting Dismantling What is floating slab foundation? A floating concrete foundation is a type of mat foundation that consists of the hollow mat formed by a grid of thick reinforced concrete walls between two thick reinforced concrete slabs.
What is flashing? Flashing is an extended construction that is done to seal and protects joints in a building from water penetration. Flashing is installed at the intersecting roofs, walls and parapets. Define different types of roof systems? Slate or Stone roofs Wood shingle roofs Metal roofing systems What are the phases inspections are done by local authority while construction? Various inspections during the construction includes Site Inspection Pre-construction or first construction Inspection Foundation inspection before placing of concrete Framing inspection before insulating or covering frame Insulation inspection After insulation is completed Final inspection after all construction is completed, and permits are received Some of the checking done on the exterior of the construction is Utility connections Drainage Retaining walls Compaction of fill material Caulking at opening Storm sewer system Safety provision terraces, porches, areaways Accessory buildings Pavement edging Protection against moisture penetration Design of dwelling structure What is alternate bid?
Alternate bid is the amount stated in the bid to be deducted or added from the base bid amount. Alternate bid is proposed when there is a use of alternate materials or methods of construction. What is change order request? Change order request is a written document issued or given by the owner, requesting an adjustment to the contract sum or an extension of the contract time. Usually, it is issued by the architect or owners representative.
What does a construction cost covers and what does not? What is Critical Path Method C. Critical Path Method is strategy and method of representing the respective tasks and activities involved in the construction through a symbolic diagram. What is demising walls? What is labor and material payment bond? It is a bond between the owner and the main contractor.
What is progress payment? It is a payment done by owner to the contractor; it is a difference between the completed work and material stored and a pre-determined schedule of values or unit costs.
What is structural frames or systems? Structural frames are a load bearing assembly of beams and columns on a foundation. Normally, the columns and beams are generally fabricated off site and assembled on site. What is zoning permit? Zoning permit is a document issued by governing urban authority permitting land to be used for a particular purpose. What is the release of lien? What is Architect-Prepared Contract? Architect- Prepared Contract is an agreement prepared inhouse by the architect between owner and architect, and often reviewed by an attorney, before its execution.
It is a legal contract, and it includes all terms and conditions including adequate legal protection for both the parties. List out some of the software program that can be useful for architect? What are the skills required to become an architect?
Conceptual understanding of designing models 2. Basic knowledge of computer and architect related software programs 3. Engineering ability 4. Business aptitude 5. Legal knowledge 6. Designing 3D models What things architect have to take care of before starting any project?
Whether the owner has proper planning permission Whether the building has a certain listed grade approved Knowledge of building appliances and materials that includes the cost as well Need to take environmental factors into consideration How you can use different dimension tools in CAD?
What are the different dimensions available? How you can turn off the display for dimension in CAD? The display of your dimensions can be turned off in CAD for that you have to go under Floor Plan View and follow the following steps 1. In floor plan active, select Tools — Display Options 2. Scroll down to the dimensions- Automatic and Dimensions- Manual layers and remove the checkmarks from the Disp column 3.
When you click OK, the display of the dimensions in your plan will be turned off Which are the top apps for you civil engineering? What are wooden shingles? Wooden shingles are rectangular in shapes, and they are like slats or sheets that are nailed to the exterior surface.
Shingling is a traditional weather proofing method for building. List out some of the common problems that architect have to tackle it? When client is not sure about what they want When there is a limited budget When customer requires custom design at standard design cost When architect has to work with limited space How to build the floor to ceiling bookcase?
To build a floor to ceiling bookcase First measure the distance between the floor and ceiling Cut two boards of the length of that distance Cut two boards with the width you require Attach top and bottom boards to the side with 2 inch nails. Keep a gap about one or two inches between each nail Attach top and bottom boards to the side boards with 2 inch nail. This will create a frame of your bookcase. Add the shelves to the bookcase the way you want and then paint it.
What should be the standard roof height like to be? For inhabited building, standard height for roof should be one or two storeys tall. The roof of the room can be adjusted by changing its pitch or by adding a parapet.
List out the types of roofs? What are the problems one might face while having a Cantilever balcony? For what building Built-on balconies are preferable?
What are the advantages? Built on balconies are mainly designed for retrofitting older buildings. This free standing balcony is supported in front of the facade on four columns.
They are backed to the wall with brackets. The advantage of built-on balconies are : Old balconies can be dismantled, and the new ones can be erected immediately in front of the faced without disturbing the inner structure of the building The work takes place outside of the house, so there is no interference to the interior of the building What things you need to take care of before building a kitchen island?
Before you start building a kitchen island, you need to take care of Design the kitchen island according to the need- if it is only for cooking purpose then use less space, but if it is also for eating then design it accordingly List out what appliances you need for your kitchen island How high the counter should be How much storage space should you required Working sides surrounding the kitchen island should have 42 inches of space as a minimum around the kitchen island.
What is the difference between built area and super built up area? Built up area: It includes your carpet area plus area covered by walls, pillars and ducts. Super built up area: It includes your built up area plus the area that you use as building amenities like passage to lift, stairs and lifts, gym, club, etc. What is the ideal size of the living room ranges from small to large size?
What are the responsibilities of a construction manager? The responsibilities of a construction manager are Cost Estimates Pre-purchase of selected materials Selection of bidders for bidding phase Analysis of proposals Construction contract negotiations Construction Scheduling and Monitoring Cost control of construction Construction supervision List out the potential risk factors for workers on the construction site?
Potential risk factors for worker on the construction site 1. Falls from heights 2. Scaffold and Trench collapse 3. Electric shock and arc blast 4. Repetitive motion injuries 5. Not using personal protective equipment correctly What is OSHA compliance? OSHA stands for Occupational Safety and Health Act; its motive is to fulfill the health and safety requirement of employees and workers. It is a standard for health and safety that is followed by every industrial segment and corporate offices throughout U.
What are the composition of a landfill? For secure landfill, there are 4 critical elements 1. The bottom liner 2. A leachate collection system 3. A cover 4. Natural hydrogeologic settings For the construction project what capital cost has to be taken in consideration? List out some of the software used in the construction sector to estimate cost and monitoring expenses? In block work seawalls what is the purpose of slip joints?
Joints which are formed from the cope level to the toe level of seawalls through a complete vertical plane are known as slip joints. Such joints are designed so as to handle the differential settlements between the seawalls adjacent panels. In the slip joints the aggregates inside the half-rounds channels enables some vertical movements. These vertical movements are induced by differential settlements. This enables in the interlocking of the adjacent panels of the seawalls to link the panels in one unit against the earth pressure lateral which is exerted on the seawalls.
For a washout valve why are two gate valves required in normal practice? The washout valves are primarily used for normal maintenance works such as that of water main. This can be like to allow water to flow out during the cleaning of the water main. The junctions at which a pipe branches out to a washout point usually a gate valve is installed so that the two pipelines are separated.
The gate valve installed above usually remains open during normal operation. Another gate valve is installed further downstream and this remains closed during normal operation of the washout valve. In case this valve is not installed then the pipe section of the branched out pipe would remain dry during normal operation and high chances of damage and leakage can take place.
When the downstream valve is installed the branched out water main contains water under normal operation. With two gate valves installed a leakage can be detected immediately. What are the different approaches in designing the floors of the service reservoirs?
In general there are two main approaches of designing the reservoir floors to prevent leakage of water due to seasonal and shrinkage movements: In this approach the movement joints of the reservoir floor panels are such that the free expansion and contraction of the panels takes place.
Every panel is isolated from the other panels and two panels have a sliding layer between them to help in sliding. The second method does not provide any room for free movement. With seasonal and shrinkage movements, some cracks are designed to voluntarily occur on the floors of the service reservoirs.
These tiny cracks are spread throughout the floor and are simply too minute to cause any leakage or corrosion of the floors.
But the difference also in this method is that the amount of reinforcement used is much more than the first approach. Why concrete barriers have curved surface profiles? The concrete safety fencings are made to contain vehicles in their carriageway being travelled so as to reduce the chances of rebounding into the roads leading to more hazards.
In the case of normal fencings upon vehicle crashes the fencings give away so as to absorb as much energy as possible henceforth reducing the impact on the vehicles. But in the case of concrete barriers their purpose is not to absorb energy of vehicles crashing into the barrier but to retain them. They have a curved design so as to allow the vehicles that hit them to slightly go up on the barrier but not overturn. They also prevent the vehicle from again getting back on the road by rebounds. This helps in vastly reducing the chances of other vehicle hazards.
Why is the use of granular sub-base in concrete carriageways not preferred, explain? Some of the reasons why granular sub-base is not preferred in concrete carriageways: Sub bases are permeable and hence water can seep through them easily.
The soil particles get pumped out through the joints on the application of traffic loads. This results in the creation of voids underneath the pavement structure. This leads to the weakening of the concrete surface and it can crack easily upon intense traffic loads. Instead if lean concrete is used for carriageways it greatly increases the strength of the roads and the load carrying capacity of the roads is increased. Sub-bases implementation requires a lot of workmanship which can lead to an un-uniform distribution of the subbase.
This can lead to the cracking of the carriageway when there is severe traffic loading. Why are separation membranes used between concrete pavement slab and sub-base? The purpose of separation membrane between the concrete pavement slab and the sub-base are as follows: The separation membrane reduces the frictional forces between the concrete slabs and the sub-base.
The membrane aids the movement of the concrete slab in reference to the sub-base when changes in the level of the moisture and temperature occurs. It aids in the segregation of sub-base materials from freshly placed concrete.
The separation membrane also helps in the reduction of cement and water loss in the form of immature concrete. Immature concrete greatly affects the strength of the concrete. It also affects the durability of it. A good example of a separation membranes is polythene sheeting which is commonly used. In the roof of a pumping station explain briefly the components of a waterproofing system.
The components of a typical waterproofing system on the roof of a pumping station are as follows: Right above the structural finish level of the roof concrete a uniform thickness screed is applied so as to facilitate the application of the waterproofing membrane. The surface provide for the membrane should always possess good cohesion properties and must be thin so as to prevent any un-uniformity. This thin layer also acts as a layer of thermal insulation.
Right above this layer the waterproofing membrane is deployed to secure the water tightness of the roof. In order to enhance the thermal insulation of the roof an insulation board is sometime placed right above the waterproof membrane. The insulation board helps in the maintenance of a stable temperature in both weathers. During reclamation how can the occurrence of mud waves can be rectified? There are several solution to the rectification of the problem of mud waves: Complete removal of all the disturbed mud: This method can be considered to be one of the fastest methods.
As soon as the disturbed mud is removed some filling material is used to replace the disturbed mud. But economically this method can be expensive as compared to others. Accelerated consolidation of disturbed mud: In this method surcharging loads are placed on top of the mud waves. Along with this band drains are installed to accelerate the consolidation process. This method is quite slow compared to the other methods. Partial removal of the disturbed mud: This method is the hybrid of the above two methods where the top layer is removed whereas the lower level is treated with the surcharging process.
In reclamation works what are the importance of geotextiles and sand? The primary purposes of geotextiles and sand in reclamation works are as follows: Geotextiles: They are used to separate the marine mud from the reclamation fill.
Also geotextiles are used as reinforcements in reclamation processes to increase its stability. It is still debated as to whether the usage of geotextiles is better or are the old processes followed are better as the performance has not been comparable to the conventional methods. Sand: In reclamation process sand is used to spread the load of any future public dumps placed on top of it. Sand also acts as a drainage for the excess pore water pressure of band drain installations.
What are the different type of slump test indications? Slump tests are performed to empirically measure the workability of fresh concrete.
It is used to measure the consistency of the concrete. In general there are three different types of slumps that occur in slump tests. They are as follows: True Slump Shear Slump Collapse Slump True Slump: This type of slump is characterized by the general drop of the concrete mass evenly without visible signs of deterioration or disintegration.
Shear Slump: It indicates that the concrete mix is deficient in cohesion. This type of slump leads to segregation and bleeding. Henceforth in the long run effecting the durability of the concrete. Collapse Slump: This type of slump is indicates that the mix of concrete is simply too wet. The mix is considered to be harsh and lean. Why is propping required for long structures once the formwork is removed? Once the process of concreting is performed the striking of the formworks should be done as soon as possible as delay in this process can lead to the discoloration of the concrete structures.
In case of long structures particularly long span structures once the structures have attained enough strength to support themselves it is essential to provide them with propping as creep deflection can take place which can greatly reduce the integrity of the structure. Due to the above mentioned reasons propping should be done after the removal of formwork. Also the props should not be made to stand long as it can lead to overstress for the structures.
Explain the mechanism of cavitations in pipes and drains? The formation of air bubbles in a fluid due to low pressure conditions lower than the saturation pressure is known as cavitations. This is considered to be a high potential damage condition where the strength and durability of the pipes can be greatly reduced. When fluids are at high velocities the pressure head of fluids reduce accordingly. But since the fluid pressure is lower than the saturation pressure the dissolved gases get released from the flowing fluid.
These air bubbles suddenly collapse on entering a region of high pressure. This leads to the damage of the pipelines as a high level of dynamic pressure is created. For what purpose bedding is used under storm water drains, explain? Beddings are primarily made up of granular or concrete materials.
They are primarily used for the following purposes: They are used to provide a more uniform support for the under pipes so that the bending moment longitudinally can be reduced greatly. In order to enable the pipes to get more load-supporting strength. They are also used to act as a platform to achieve a more correct alignment and level pre and post construction. In case of pipes which contain spigot and socket joints, it enables pipes to get supported along pipe lengths in place of sockets.
Otherwise it can lead to uneven stress being induced on the pipes eventually damaging it. Why are pull-out tests performed for soil nails? Pull out tests are performed for primarily the following reasons: In order to detect and the verification of the bond strength among the soil and the grout adopted during the design of soil nails.
This is considered to be as the primary objective of performing pull out tests for soil nails. For the detection of any slippage or occurrence of creeps. To detect the elastic and deformations plastic of any of the test nails employed. Observations are made during the loading and unloading cycles of the soil nails repetitively.
Explain briefly the advantages and disadvantages of using plastic and timber fenders? The advantages and disadvantages of using plastic fenders are as follows: Plastic fenders are low in strength with a relatively high resistance to abrasion. Plastic fenders are resistant to chemical and biological attacks. Plastic fenders have moderate energy absorption capacity. The berthing reactions are also comparatively moderate and depends on the point of contact.
Also since they are made from recycled material they are environmental friendly.
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